'Triplet-Triplet Absorption Spectra

Anthracene

Vander Donckt, E.; Van Vooren, C.
Electron transfer from aromatic molecules to dimethylmercury via a triplet exciplex.
J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1 74: 827-36 (1978)

Anthracene
Solvent : Acetonitrile

wave length at maximum = 438^a; 400^a nm

Triplet state population method: Flash photolysis
Comments: Relative intensities (2:1); solvent contains dimethylmercury

Kostin, A.K.; Vannikov, A.V.
Spectral and electrical investigations of triplet excitons on pulsed electron excitation of molecular crystals.
Radiat. Phys. Chem. 15: 613-6 (1980)

Anthracene
Solvent : Anthracene

wave length at maximum = 630^a; 610^a; 570^a; 540^a nm

Triplet state population method: Pulse radiolysis
Comments: Triplet exciton

Livingston, R.; Tanner, D.W.
The triplet state of anthracene in liquid solutions.
Trans. Faraday Soc. 54: 765-71 (1958)

Anthracene
Solvent : Benzene

wave length at maximum = 430 nm

Triplet state population method: Flash photolysis

Jackson, G.; Livingston, R.; Pugh, A.C.
Experimental study of the triplet state of anthracene in fluid solutions.
Trans. Faraday Soc. 54: 1635-9 (1960)

Anthracene
Solvent : Benzene

wave length at maximum = 430 nm

Triplet state population method: Flash photolysis
Lifetime = 2900 micro sec.
Comments: A value was given for an "integrated extinction coefficient" of 35000, but no details were provided

Kemp, T.J.; Roberts, J.P.
Yields of excited states in the pulse radiolysis of solutions of substituted anthracenes.
Trans. Faraday Soc. 65: 725-31 (1969)

Anthracene
Solvent : Benzene

wave length (nm) at maximum, extinction coefficient = 427.5, 71500

Triplet state population method: Pulse radiolysis
Extinction coefficient estimation method: Energy transfer
Comments: epsilon relative to benzophenone in benzene (epsilon_532.5 = 10300 L mol^–1 cm^–1)

Kemp, T.J.; Roberts, J.P.
Yields of excited states in the pulse radiolysis of solutions of substituted anthracenes.
Trans. Faraday Soc. 65: 725-31 (1969)

Anthracene
Solvent : Benzene

wave length (nm) at maximum, extinction coefficient = 427.5, 61300

Triplet state population method: Pulse radiolysis
Extinction coefficient estimation method: Energy transfer
Comments: epsilon relative to naphthalene in benzene (epsilon_max = 17500 L mol^–1 cm^–1)

Bensasson, R.V.; Land, E.J.
Triplet-triplet extinction coefficients via energy transfer.
Trans. Faraday Soc. 67: 1904-15 (1971)

Anthracene
Solvent : Benzene

wave length (nm) at maximum, extinction coefficient = 430, 45500

408^a, 15600^a

391^a, 3700^a

Triplet state population method: Pulse radiolysis
Extinction coefficient estimation method: Energy transfer
Comments: epsilon relative to benzophenone ketyl radical in cyclohexane (epsilon_max = 3700 L mol^–1 cm^–1); epsilon obtained from a simultaneous least squares fit of data from several compounds making use of cyclohexane to benzene epsilon_max ratios of 1.83 for naphthalene and 1.45 for anthracene; lambda_max originally quoted as 432.5 nm but corrected in [757282]

Dainton, F.S.; Morrow, T.; Salmon, G.A.; Thompson, G.F.
The radiation-induced formation of excited states of aromatic hydrocarbons in benzene and cyclohexane. II. Yields of excited singlet and triplet state solute molecules.
Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) Ser. A 328: 457-79 (1972)

Anthracene
Solvent : Benzene

wave length at maximum = 427.5 nm

Triplet state population method: Pulse radiolysis

Ledger, M.B.; Salmon, G.A.
Triplet-triplet extinction coefficients of anthracene and 9-bromoanthracene determined by a ground state depletion method.
J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 2 72: 883-6 (1976)

Anthracene
Solvent : Benzene

wave length (nm) at maximum, extinction coefficient = 428.5, 53000 ± 1900

Triplet state population method: Flash photolysis
Extinction coefficient estimation method: Singlet depletion
Comments: epsilon method assumes linear variation of triplet spectrum in SD region

Barwise, A.J.G.; Gorman, A.A.; Rodgers, M.A.J.
Energy transfer from an alkene triplet state during pulse radiolysis.
Chem. Phys. Lett. 38: 313-6 (1976)

Anthracene
Solvent : Benzene

wave length at maximum = 425 nm

Triplet state population method: Pulse radiolysis

Compton, R.H.; Grattan, K.T.V.; Morrow, T.
Extinction coefficients and quantum yields for triplet-triplet absorption using laser flash photolysis.
J. Photochem. 14: 61-6 (1980)

Anthracene
Solvent : Benzene

wave length (nm) at maximum, extinction coefficient = 431, 42000 ± 4000

Triplet state population method: Pulsed laser photolysis
Extinction coefficient estimation method: Energy transfer
Triplet energy transfer rate constant = 0.49 x 10⁹ L mol^–1 sec^–1.
Comments: ^*Triplet ET from benzophenone; epsilon relative to benzophenone in benzene (epsilon₅₃₃ = 7200 L mol^–1 cm^–1)

Compton, R.H.; Grattan, K.T.V.; Morrow, T.
Extinction coefficients and quantum yields for triplet-triplet absorption using laser flash photolysis.
J. Photochem. 14: 61-6 (1980)

Anthracene
Solvent : Benzene

wave length (nm) at maximum, extinction coefficient = 431, 69000

Triplet state population method: Pulsed laser photolysis
Extinction coefficient estimation method: Singlet depletion
Comments: epsilon is upper limit (authors)

Goerner, H.
Triplet states of phenylethylenes in solution. Energies, lifetimes, and absorption spectra of 1,1-diphenyl-, triphenyl-, and tetraphenylethylene triplets.
J. Phys. Chem. 86: 2028-35 (1982)

Anthracene
Solvent : Benzene, 298 K

wave length at maximum = 420 nm

Triplet state population method: Pulsed laser photolysis

Darmanyan, A.P.
Solvent effect on ¹O₂ yield and the mechanism of polycyclic hydrocarbon triplet-state quenching by oxygen.
Chem. Phys. Lett. 96: 383-9 (1983)

Anthracene
Solvent : Benzonitrile

wave length (nm) at maximum, extinction coefficient = 429^a, 24000 ± 1500

405^a, 10200^a

Triplet state population method: Pulsed laser photolysis
Extinction coefficient estimation method: Constant oscillator strength
Comments: epsilon relative to anthracene in toluene (epsilon_428.5 = 42000 L mol^–1 cm^–1)

Hochstrasser, R.M.; Lower, S.K.
Polarized emission and triplet-triplet absorption spectra of aromatic hydrocarbons in benzophenone crystals.
J. Chem. Phys. 40: 1041-6 (1964)

Anthracene
Solvent : Benzophenone, 77 K

wave length at maximum = 441; 415 nm

Triplet state population method: Photostationary (coupled with energy transfer)
Comments: Relative intensities (1:1); sample was a single crystal

Hochstrasser, R.M.; Marchetti, A.P.
The polarization of the allowed triplet-triplet absorption in anthracene.
Chem. Phys. Lett. 1: 597-8 (1968)

Anthracene
Solvent : Benzophenone, 77 K

wave length at maximum = 442.5 nm

Triplet state population method: Photostationary
Comments: Single crystal; from polarization measurements, the 442.5 nm band was assigned ³B_3g <– ³B_1u; the T₁ <– S₀ absorption of benzophenone starting at 413.4 nm obscured the shape of the second T-T band of anthracene

Holroyd, R.A.; Theard, L.M.; Peterson, F.C.
Excitation transfer in the pulse radiolysis of naphthalene and benzophenone solutions.
J. Phys. Chem. 74: 1895-900 (1970)

Anthracene
Solvent : Benzophenone, 303 K

wave length at maximum = 435 nm

Triplet state population method: Pulse radiolysis
Triplet energy transfer rate constant = (1.6 ± 0.1) x 10⁹ L mol^–1 sec^–1.
Comments: Solution; triplet ET from benzophenone

Livingston, R.; Tanner, D.W.
The triplet state of anthracene in liquid solutions.
Trans. Faraday Soc. 54: 765-71 (1958)

Anthracene
Solvent : Bromobenzene

wave length at maximum = 436 nm

Triplet state population method: Flash photolysis
Halftime = 430 ± 50 micro sec.

Jackson, G.; Livingston, R.; Pugh, A.C.
Experimental study of the triplet state of anthracene in fluid solutions.
Trans. Faraday Soc. 54: 1635-9 (1960)

Anthracene
Solvent : Bromobenzene

wave length at maximum = 439 nm

Triplet state population method: Flash photolysis
Lifetime = 1590 micro sec.
Comments: A value was given for an "integrated extinction coefficient" of 32500, but no details were given

Kraljic, I.; Mintas, M.; Klasinc, L.; Ranogajec, F.; Guesten, H.
Thermo- and photochemical aspects of the valence isomerization of 9-tert-butylanthracene.
Nouv. J. Chim. 7: 239-43 (1983)

Anthracene
Solvent : CTAB

wave length at maximum = 420 nm

Triplet state population method: Pulsed laser photolysis
Comments: Aqueous micelles

Livingston, R.; Tanner, D.W.
The triplet state of anthracene in liquid solutions.
Trans. Faraday Soc. 54: 765-71 (1958)

Anthracene
Solvent : Chlorobenzene

wave length at maximum = 431 nm

Triplet state population method: Flash photolysis
Halftime = 790 ± 150 micro sec.

Livingston, R.; Tanner, D.W.
The triplet state of anthracene in liquid solutions.
Trans. Faraday Soc. 54: 765-71 (1958)

Anthracene
Solvent : Chloroform

wave length at maximum = 430 nm

Triplet state population method: Flash photolysis

Hoffman, M.Z.; Porter, G.
Radiationless conversion from the triplet state.
Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 268: 46-56 (1962)

Anthracene
Solvent : Cyclohexane

wave length at maximum = 425 nm

Triplet state population method: Flash photolysis
Lifetime = 160 micro sec.

Land, E.J.
Extinction coefficients of triplet-triplet transitions.
Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 305: 457-71 (1968)

Anthracene
Solvent : Cyclohexane

wave length (nm) at maximum, extinction coefficient = 420, 57200 ± 14300

Triplet state population method: Pulse radiolysis
Extinction coefficient estimation method: Energy transfer
Comments: epsilon relative to benzophenone ketyl radical in water (epsilon_537.5 = 3220 L mol^–1 cm^–1), assuming this value for epsilon_542.5 in cyclohexane

Kemp, T.J.; Roberts, J.P.
Yields of excited states in the pulse radiolysis of solutions of substituted anthracenes.
Trans. Faraday Soc. 65: 725-31 (1969)

Anthracene
Solvent : Cyclohexane

wave length at maximum = 420 nm

Triplet state population method: Pulse radiolysis

Nouchi, G.
Etude et interpretation des spectres d'absorption triplet-triplet. Classification des etats triplets superieurs. II. Les hydrocarbures aromatiques.
J. Chim. Phys. Phys.-Chim. Biol. 66: 554-65 (1969)

Anthracene
Solvent : Cyclohexane, 77 K

wave length at maximum = 468.2; 431.0; 425.2; 418.1; 402.0; 381.0; 316.5 nm

Triplet state population method: Photostationary

Baxendale, J.H.; Wardman, P.
Yields of excited singlet and triplet states of some aromatics in the pulse radiolysis of cyclohexane solutions.
Trans. Faraday Soc. 67: 2997-3007 (1971)

Anthracene
Solvent : Cyclohexane

wave length at maximum = 427.5 nm

Triplet state population method: Pulse radiolysis

Bensasson, R.V.; Land, E.J.
Triplet-triplet extinction coefficients via energy transfer.
Trans. Faraday Soc. 67: 1904-15 (1971)

Anthracene
Solvent : Cyclohexane

wave length (nm) at maximum, extinction coefficient = 422.5, 64700

402^a, 19800^a

Triplet state population method: Pulse radiolysis
Extinction coefficient estimation method: Energy transfer
Comments: epsilon relative to benzophenone ketyl radical in cyclohexane (epsilon_max = 3700 L mol^–1 cm^–1); reference epsilon obtained by starting from epsilon_max = 3220 L mol^–1 cm^–1 for this ketyl radical in water and assuming the f of the ketyl radical is independent of solvent; final epsilon obtained from a simultaneous least squares fit to data from several compounds; shoulder at 388^a nm; lambda_max originally quoted as 425 nm but corrected in [757282]

Anthracene
Solvent : Cyclohexane

wave length at maximum = 420; 400 nm

Triplet state population method: Pulse radiolysis

Ledger, M.B.; Salmon, G.A.
Triplet-triplet extinction coefficients of anthracene and 9-bromoanthracene determined by a ground state depletion method.
J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 2 72: 883-6 (1976)

Anthracene
Solvent : Cyclohexane

wave length (nm) at maximum, extinction coefficient = 422.5, 85700 ± 3200

Triplet state population method: Flash photolysis
Extinction coefficient estimation method: Singlet depletion
Comments: epsilon method assumes linear variation of triplet spectrum in SD region

Compton, R.H.; Grattan, K.T.V.; Morrow, T.
Extinction coefficients and quantum yields for triplet-triplet absorption using laser flash photolysis.
J. Photochem. 14: 61-6 (1980)

Anthracene
Solvent : Cyclohexane

wave length (nm) at maximum, extinction coefficient = 423, 69500

Triplet state population method: Pulsed laser photolysis
Extinction coefficient estimation method: Singlet depletion
Comments: epsilon is upper limit (authors)

Compton, R.H.; Grattan, K.T.V.; Morrow, T.
Extinction coefficients and quantum yields for triplet-triplet absorption using laser flash photolysis.
J. Photochem. 14: 61-6 (1980)

Anthracene
Solvent : Cyclohexane

wave length (nm) at maximum, extinction coefficient = 423, 52500

Jackson, G.; Livingston, R.; Pugh, A.C.
Experimental study of the triplet state of anthracene in fluid solutions.
Trans. Faraday Soc. 54: 1635-9 (1960)

Anthracene
Solvent : Decalin

wave length at maximum = 430 nm

Triplet state population method: Flash photolysis
Lifetime = 2630 micro sec.

Baxendale, J.H.; Fielden, E.M.; Keene, J.P.
Pulse radiolysis of dioxane solutions.
Science 148: 637-8 (1965)

Anthracene
Solvent : Dioxane

wave length at maximum = 425; 410 nm

Triplet state population method: Pulse radiolysis

Kemp, T.J.; Roberts, J.P.
Yields of excited states in the pulse radiolysis of solutions of substituted anthracenes.
Trans. Faraday Soc. 65: 725-31 (1969)

Anthracene
Solvent : Dioxane

wave length at maximum = 422.5 nm

Triplet state population method: Pulse radiolysis

McClure, D.S.
Excited triplet states of some polyatomic molecules. I.
J. Chem. Phys. 19: 670-5 (1951)

Anthracene
Solvent : EPA, 77 K

wave length (nm) at maximum, extinction coefficient = 427, 2800^c ± 130

Triplet state population method: Photostationary
Extinction coefficient estimation method: Intensity variation
Comments: ^*Phosphorescence decay; epsilon is too low; 1st transition assigned as ³L_a –> ³C_b

Craig, D.P.; Ross, I.G.
The triplet-triplet absorption spectra of some aromatic hydrocarbons and related substances.
J. Chem. Soc. : 1589-1606 (1954)

Anthracene
Solvent : EPA, 77 K

wave length (nm) at maximum, extinction coefficient = 427.0, 45000

404.0, 12000

Triplet state population method: Photostationary
Extinction coefficient estimation method: Singlet depletion
Lifetime < 1 x 10⁵ micro sec.
Comments: epsilon's are lower limits

Hadley, S.G.; Keller, R.A.
Direct determination of the extinction coefficients for triplet <– triplet transitions in naphthalene, phenanthrene, and triphenylene.
J. Phys. Chem. 73: 4351-5 (1969)

Anthracene
Solvent : EPA, 77 K

wave length (nm) at maximum, extinction coefficient = 427.3, >=90000

Triplet state population method: Flash photolysis
Extinction coefficient estimation method: Singlet depletion

Lavalette, D.
L'absorption triplet-triplet des hydrocarbures aromatiques alternants. II. Coefficients d'extinction moleculaire et forces d'oscillateur.
J. Chim. Phys. Phys.-Chim. Biol. 66: 1853-9 (1969)

Anthracene
Solvent : EPA, 77 K

wave length (nm) at maximum, extinction coefficient = 427, 58000

Triplet state population method: Photostationary
Extinction coefficient estimation method: Intensity variation
Comments: lambda_max assumed from previous work; epsilon estimated by extrapolation to infinite excitation rate

Lavalette, D.
L'absorption triplet-triplet des hydrocarbures aromatiques alternants. III. Polarisation des transitions.
J. Chim. Phys. Phys.-Chim. Biol. 66: 1860-4 (1969)

Anthracene
Solvent : EPA, 77 K

wave length (nm) at maximum, extinction coefficient = 402^a, 14100^a

428^a, 52800^a

467^a, 1300^a

481^a, 2100^a

497^a, 800^a

516^a, 1600^a

Triplet state population method: Photostationary
Extinction coefficient estimation method: Kinetic method
Comments: Solvent, temperature and extinction method assumed from earlier work; polarization also measured

Novak, J.R.; Windsor, M.W.
Laser photolysis and spectroscopy: a new technique for the study of rapid reactions in the nanosecond time range.
Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) Ser. A 308: 95-110 (1968)

Anthracene
Solvent : Epoxy plastic, 296 K

wave length at maximum = 420; 390 nm

Triplet state population method: Pulsed laser photolysis

Porter, G.; Windsor, M.W.
Studies of the triplet state in fluid solvents.
Discuss. Faraday Soc. 17: 178-86 (1954)

Anthracene
Solvent : EtOH

wave length at maximum = 420.0; 398.0 nm

Triplet state population method: Flash photolysis
Lifetime = 150 ± 45 micro sec.

Zhmyreva, I.A.; Kolobkov, V.P.; Volkov, S.V.
Triplet-triplet absorption spectra of solid solutions of certain organic compounds.
Opt. Spectrosc. (USSR) 20: 162-4 (1966)

Anthracene
Solvent : EtOH, 93 K

wave length at maximum = 427; 403 nm

Triplet state population method: Photostationary
Comments: Relative intensities (10:3)

Horrocks, A.R.; Wilkinson, F.
Triplet state formation efficiencies of aromatic hydrocarbons in solution.
Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 306: 257-73 (1968)

Anthracene
Solvent : EtOH, 293 K

wave length at maximum = 419 nm

Triplet state population method: Flash photolysis

Kliger, D.S.; Albrecht, A.C.
Polarized spectroscopy of excited states of substituted anthracenes on a nanosecond time scale.
J. Chem. Phys. 53: 4059-65 (1970)

Anthracene
Solvent : EtOH

wave length at maximum = 422^a; 399^a nm

Triplet state population method: Pulsed laser photolysis

Kikuchi, K.; Kokubun, H.; Koizumi, M.
Studies on triplet energy transfer by means of an emission-absorption flash technique. II. Mixed triplet-triplet annihilation in ethanol.
Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 44: 1527-34 (1971)

Anthracene
Solvent : EtOH

wave length (nm) at maximum, extinction coefficient = 421, 52000

Triplet state population method: Flash photolysis
Extinction coefficient estimation method: Energy transfer
Comments: Triplet ET from eosin and proflavine; epsilon relative to eosin in EtOH (epsilon₅₈₀ = 9400 L mol^–1 cm^–1) and proflavine in EtOH (epsilon₅₅₀ = 11000 L mol^–1 cm^–1)

Dempster, D.N.; Morrow, T.; Quinn, M.F.
Extinction coefficients for triplet-triplet absorption in ethanol solutions of anthracene, naphthalene, 2,5-diphenyloxazole, 7-diethylamino-4-methyl coumarin and 4-methyl-7-amino-carbostyril.
J. Photochem. 2: 329-41 (1974)

Anthracene
Solvent : EtOH

wave length (nm) at maximum, extinction coefficient = 420, 75000 ± 5000

400, 28000 ± 2000

376, 5750 ± 400

356, 3350 ± 250

335, 2250 ± 150

Triplet state population method: Flash photolysis
Extinction coefficient estimation method: Singlet depletion
Lifetime = 3000 ± 2000 micro sec.

Tfibel, F.; Lindqvist, L.
Excited singlet yield in T-T annihilation. A comparative study of naphthalene and anthracene in solution.
Chem. Phys. 10(2-3): 471-8 (1975)

Anthracene
Solvent : EtOH

wave length (nm) at maximum, extinction coefficient = 419, 50000 ± 5000

Triplet state population method: Flash photolysis
Extinction coefficient estimation method: Total depletion

Alfimov, M.V.; Gerko, V.I.; Popov, L.S.; Razumov, V.F.
Abnormal broadening in triplet-to-triplet absorption spectra caused by aromatic solvents.
Chem. Phys. Lett. 50: 398-401 (1977)

Anthracene
Solvent : EtOH, 77 K

wave length at maximum = 424 nm

Triplet state population method: Modulated excitation (e.g. rotating sector)
Comments: Halfwidth 380 cm^–1

Kellmann, A.
Intersystem crossing and internal conversion quantum yields of acridine in polar and nonpolar solvents.
J. Phys. Chem. 81: 1195-8 (1977)

Anthracene
Solvent : EtOH

wave length (nm) at maximum, extinction coefficient = 420, 60000

Triplet state population method: Flash photolysis
Extinction coefficient estimation method: Total depletion

Romashov, L.V.; Borovkova, V.A.; Kiryukhin, Yu.I.; Bagdasar'yan, Kh.S.
Determination of the extinction coefficient for triplet-triplet absorption from the kinetics of triplet-triplet energy transfer.
High Energy Chem. 12: 132-4 (1978)

Anthracene
Solvent : EtOH

wave length (nm) at maximum, extinction coefficient = 420, 63500

Triplet state population method: Pulsed laser photolysis
Extinction coefficient estimation method: Energy transfer
Lifetime = 25 micro sec.
Comments: epsilon relative to Methylene Blue cation (epsilon₈₆₀ = 27000 L mol^–1 cm^–1); solvent and temperature assumed

Kobayashi, S.; Kikuchi, K.; Kokubun, H.
Nonradiative relaxation processes of the higher excited triplet states of anthracenes studied by a double excitation method.
Chem. Phys. 27: 399-407 (1978)

Anthracene
Solvent : EtOH

Triplet state population method: Flash photolysis (coupled with energy transfer)
Extinction coefficient estimation method: Relative actinometry
Comments: epsilon relative to anthracene in EtOH (epsilon₄₂₁ = 52000 L mol^–1 cm^–1)

Compton, R.H.; Grattan, K.T.V.; Morrow, T.
Extinction coefficients and quantum yields for triplet-triplet absorption using laser flash photolysis.
J. Photochem. 14: 61-6 (1980)

Anthracene
Solvent : EtOH

wave length (nm) at maximum, extinction coefficient = 421, 54000

Triplet state population method: Pulsed laser photolysis
Extinction coefficient estimation method: Singlet depletion
Comments: epsilon is upper limit (authors)

Compton, R.H.; Grattan, K.T.V.; Morrow, T.
Extinction coefficients and quantum yields for triplet-triplet absorption using laser flash photolysis.
J. Photochem. 14: 61-6 (1980)

Anthracene
Solvent : EtOH

wave length (nm) at maximum, extinction coefficient = 421, 48500

O'Dowd, R.F.; O'Hare, A.; Cooke, J.; Taaffe, J.K.
Laser system and data analysis techniques for adsorbing and non-adsorbing excited transients.
J. Phys. E 15: 736-40 (1982)

Anthracene
Solvent : EtOH

wave length (nm) at maximum, extinction coefficient = 418, 72000

Triplet state population method: Pulsed laser photolysis
Extinction coefficient estimation method: See comments
Comments: Triplet concentration calculated by kinetic simulation and corrected for optical geometry; epsilon value assumes Phi_T = 0.7; oxygen quenching (3.8 x 10⁹ L mol^–1 s^–1)

Astier, R.; Meyer, Y.
Existence de bandes d'absorption transitoire entre 5000 et 8800 Å dans les molecules aromatiques et heterocycliques.
J. Chim. Phys. Phys.-Chim. Biol. 64: 919-21 (1967)

Anthracene
Solvent : EtOH/MeOH, 113 K

wave length (nm) at maximum, extinction coefficient = 425, 90000

Triplet state population method: Flash photolysis
Extinction coefficient estimation method: Total depletion
Comments: Solvent was 3:1 EtOH to MeOH

Meyer, Y.H.; Astier, R.
Dichroisme de l'anthracene triplet.
J. Phys. (Paris) 29(11-12): 1075-80 (1968)

Anthracene
Solvent : EtOH/MeOH, 104 K

wave length at maximum = 426; 403 nm

Triplet state population method: Photostationary
Comments: Solvent was 3:1 EtOH to MeOH; polarization also measured; shoulder at 382 nm

Astier, R.; Bokobza, A.; Meyer, Y.H.
Low-energy triplet state of tetracene.
J. Chem. Phys. 51: 5174-5 (1969)

Anthracene
Solvent : EtOH/MeOH/\h2-MTHF, 113 K

wave length (nm) at maximum, extinction coefficient = 885^a, 250^a

840^a, 260^a

800^a, 160^a

787^a, 150^a

763^a, 180^a

752^a, 110^a

730^a, 130^a

719^a, 150^a

709^a, 130^a

699^a, 130^a

690^a, 120^a

645^a, 130^a

Triplet state population method: Flash photolysis
Extinction coefficient estimation method: Singlet depletion
Comments: Glass was 3:1:4 EtOH to MeOH to 2-MTHF

Meyer, Y.H.; Astier, R.; Leclercq, J.M.
Triplet-triplet spectroscopy of polyacenes.
J. Chem. Phys. 56: 801-15 (1972)

Anthracene
Solvent : EtOH/MeOH, 113 K

wave length (nm) at maximum, extinction coefficient = 888, 260^a

844^a, 300

801^a, 190^a

788^a, 190^a

764^a, 210^a

751^a, 140^a

729^a, 160^a

719^a, 190^a

709^a, 150^a

697^a, 180^a

687^a, 170^a

639^a, 170^a

538^a, 540^a

516, 3000

504^a, 2000^a

497^a, 2300^a

479^a, 3600^a

463^a, 2900^a

444^a, 5000^a

425.3, 90000

402^a, 25000^a

381^a, 10000^a

328.7, 1400^a

314^a, 2200^a

302^a, 2300^a

262.4, 90000

Triplet state population method: Flash photolysis
Extinction coefficient estimation method: Total depletion
Oscillator strength = 0.002, 0.04, 0.25, 0.03, ~0.01, 0.8.
Comments: ^*Phosphorescence decay; shoulders at 657^a, 551^a, 526^a, 486^a, 453^a, 271^a, and 268^a nm; 6 electronic transitions were assigned with 0-0's at 888, 516, 425.3, 328.7, 271.3, and 262.4 nm

Ramanan, G.
Pulse radiolysis of ethyl acetate and its solutions.
J. Phys. Chem. 80: 1553-8 (1976)

Anthracene
Solvent : Ethyl acetate

wave length at maximum = 420 nm

Triplet state population method: Pulse radiolysis
Comments: 0.8 micro s delay; G(triplets) estimated assuming epsilon independent of solvent

Porter, G.; Wilkinson, F.
Energy transfer from the triplet state.
Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 264: 1-18 (1961)

Anthracene
Solvent : Ethylene glycol

wave length at maximum = 469; 425; 401 nm

Triplet state population method: Flash photolysis
Lifetime = 3800 ± 150 micro sec.
Comments: Relative intensities (_:10:3)

Porter, G.; Windsor, M.W.
Studies of the triplet state in fluid solvents.
Discuss. Faraday Soc. 17: 178-86 (1954)

Anthracene
Solvent : Glycerol

wave length at maximum = 426.6; 402.4 nm

Triplet state population method: Flash photolysis
Lifetime = 5500 ± 600 micro sec.

Livingston, R.; Tanner, D.W.
The triplet state of anthracene in liquid solutions.
Trans. Faraday Soc. 54: 765-71 (1958)

Anthracene
Solvent : Glycerol

wave length at maximum = 428 nm

Triplet state population method: Flash photolysis
Halftime = 9400 ± 1500 micro sec.

Wild, U.; Guenthard, Hs.H.
Untersuchung reversibler Photoprozesse durch Blitzlichtphotolyse. II. Triplett-Triplett-Annihilation von Anthracen.
Helv. Chim. Acta 48: 1843-57 (1965)

Anthracene
Solvent : Glycerol, 283 K

wave length (nm) at maximum, extinction coefficient = 425, 66800 ± 13400

404, 20700 ± 4140

Triplet state population method: Flash photolysis
Extinction coefficient estimation method: Singlet depletion
Lifetime = 18000 micro sec.
Comments: Lifetime measured at 298 K

Livingston, R.; Tanner, D.W.
The triplet state of anthracene in liquid solutions.
Trans. Faraday Soc. 54: 765-71 (1958)

Anthracene
Solvent : Heptane

wave length at maximum = 421 nm

Triplet state population method: Flash photolysis

Livingston, R.; Tanner, D.W.
The triplet state of anthracene in liquid solutions.
Trans. Faraday Soc. 54: 765-71 (1958)

Anthracene
Solvent : Heptane/Carbon disulfide

wave length at maximum = 421 nm

Triplet state population method: Flash photolysis
Comments: Solvent was 9:1 heptane to carbon disulfide

Bolotnikova, T.N.; Naumova, T.M.
Concentration dependence of the intensity of triplet-triplet absorption in some aromatic hydrocarbons.
Opt. Spectrosc. (USSR) 23: 206-8 (1967)

Anthracene
Solvent : Heptane, 77 K

wave length at maximum = 429.5; 405 nm

Triplet state population method: Photostationary

Porter, G.; Windsor, M.W.
Triplet states in solution.
J. Chem. Phys. 21: 2088 (1953)

Anthracene
Solvent : Hexane

wave length at maximum = 420.3; 398 nm

Triplet state population method: Flash photolysis
Halftime = 100 micro sec.

Porter, G.; Windsor, M.W.
Studies of the triplet state in fluid solvents.
Discuss. Faraday Soc. 17: 178-86 (1954)

Anthracene
Solvent : Hexane

wave length (nm) at maximum, extinction coefficient = 420.3, 118000^c ± 23600

398.0, 27400^c ± 5480

Triplet state population method: Flash photolysis
Extinction coefficient estimation method: Singlet depletion
Lifetime = 84.0 ± 11 micro sec.
Comments: ^*Oxygen quenching

Jackson, G.; Livingston, R.; Pugh, A.C.
Experimental study of the triplet state of anthracene in fluid solutions.
Trans. Faraday Soc. 54: 1635-9 (1960)

Anthracene
Solvent : Hexane

wave length at maximum = 420 nm

Triplet state population method: Flash photolysis
Lifetime = 2900 micro sec.
Comments: A value was given for an "integrated extinction coefficient" of 46000, but no details were provided

Porter, G.; Wilkinson, F.
Energy transfer from the triplet state.
Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 264: 1-18 (1961)

Anthracene
Solvent : Hexane

wave length at maximum = 465; 423; 400 nm

Triplet state population method: Flash photolysis
Lifetime = 910 ± 83 micro sec.
Comments: Relative intensities (_:10:3)

Nishimura, T.; Nakashima, N.; Mataga, N.
Intersystem crossing in ahthracene-N,N-diethylaniline exciplex.
Chem. Phys. Lett. 46: 334-8 (1977)

Anthracene
Solvent : Hexane

wave length at maximum = 420; 400 nm

Triplet state population method: Pulsed laser photolysis
Rise time = ~110 nsec.
Comments: 250 ns delay; relative intensities (4:1); formed from diethylaniline exciplex

Porter, G.; Windsor, M.W.
Studies of the triplet state in fluid solvents.
Discuss. Faraday Soc. 17: 178-86 (1954)

Anthracene
Solvent : Liquid paraffin

wave length at maximum = 420.0; 401.0 nm

Triplet state population method: Flash photolysis
Lifetime = 370 ± 110 micro sec.

Porter, G.; Windsor, M.W.
The triplet state in fluid media.
Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 245: 238-58 (1958)

Anthracene
Solvent : Liquid paraffin

wave length (nm) at maximum, extinction coefficient = 468, 2000

424, 71500

401, 24300

Triplet state population method: Flash photolysis
Extinction coefficient estimation method: Singlet depletion
Oscillator strength = 0.01, 0.4.
Comments: Solvent had viscosity of 0.03 N•s/m²; bands at 424 and 401 nm were assigned to the same electronic transition

Livingston, R.; Tanner, D.W.
The triplet state of anthracene in liquid solutions.
Trans. Faraday Soc. 54: 765-71 (1958)

Anthracene
Solvent : Liquid petrolatum

wave length at maximum = 425 nm

Triplet state population method: Flash photolysis
Halftime = 1100 ± 200 micro sec.

Hoffman, M.Z.; Porter, G.
Radiationless conversion from the triplet state.
Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 268: 46-56 (1962)

Anthracene
Solvent : Liquid paraffin

wave length at maximum = 424 nm

Triplet state population method: Flash photolysis
Lifetime = 9100 micro sec.
Comments: Viscosity of solvent was 0.167 N•s/m²

Bowers, P.G.; Porter, G.
Triplet state quantum yields for some aromatic hydrocarbons and xanthene dyes in dilute solution.
Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 299: 348-53 (1967)

Anthracene
Solvent : Liquid paraffin

Triplet state population method: Flash photolysis
Extinction coefficient estimation method: Total depletion

Yamamoto, S.; Grellmann, K.-H.
The adiabatic photodissociation of the anthracene-tetracene photodimer.
Chem. Phys. Lett. 92: 533-40 (1982)

Anthracene
Solvent : MCH

wave length at maximum = 421^a; 402^a nm

Triplet state population method: Pulsed laser photolysis
Comments: 421 nm peak was the more intense

Melhuish, W.H.; Hardwick, R.
Lifetime of the triplet state of anthracene in lucite.
Trans. Faraday Soc. 58: 1908-11 (1962)

Anthracene
Solvent : PMMA, 300 K

wave length at maximum = 423.7; 401.1 nm

Triplet state population method: Flash photolysis
Halftime = 1.22 x 10⁴ micro sec.
Comments: Relative intensities (100:26)

Kellogg, R.E.
Second triplet state of anthracene.
J. Chem. Phys. 44: 411-2 (1966)

Anthracene
Solvent : PMMA, 298 K

wave length at maximum = 852^a; 807^a; 796^a; 771^a nm wave length (nm) at maximum, extinction coefficient = 895, 250 ± 50

Triplet state population method: Flash photolysis
Extinction coefficient estimation method: Relative actinometry
Lifetime = 3.4 x 10⁴ micro sec.
Comments: ^*Decay matches the triplet decay at 424 nm; epsilon relative to anthracene in liquid paraffin (epsilon₄₂₄ = 71500 L mol^–1 cm^–1)

Kliger, D.S.; Albrecht, A.C.
Nanosecond excited-state polarized absorption spectroscopy of anthracene in the visible region.
J. Chem. Phys. 50: 4109-11 (1969)

Anthracene
Solvent : PMMA

wave length at maximum = 422^a; 400^a nm

Triplet state population method: Flash photolysis
Comments: 422 nm peak was the more intense

Melhuish, W.H.
Use of a silicon photodiode for detection of weak transient absorption in flash photolysis experiments.
J. Phys. E 4: 60-1 (1971)

Anthracene
Solvent : PMMA

wave length at maximum = 894^a; 851^a; 812^a; 801^a; 776^a; 717^a nm

Triplet state population method: Flash photolysis
Comments: Shoulders at ~860^a and 640^a nm

Bebelaar, D.
Time resolved molecular spectroscopy using high power solid state lasers in pulse transmission mode. A re-examination of the S_n <– S₁ spectra of naphthalene and anthracene.
Chem. Phys. 3: 205-16 (1974)

Anthracene
Solvent : PMMA, 293 K

wave length at maximum = 426^a; 402^a; 386^a nm

Triplet state population method: Pulsed laser photolysis
Comments: 426 nm peak was the most intense

Buettner, A.V.
Flash photolysis in thin films of gelatin and other polymers.
J. Phys. Chem. 68: 3253-9 (1964)

Anthracene
Solvent : Polystyrene

wave length at maximum = 433 nm

Triplet state population method: Flash photolysis
Lifetime = 2.6 x 10⁴ micro sec.

Ho, S.K.; Siegel, S.; Schwarz, H.A.
Pulse radiolysis of polystyrene.
J. Phys. Chem. 71: 4527-33 (1967)

Anthracene
Solvent : Polystyrene

wave length at maximum = 435 nm

Triplet state population method: Pulse radiolysis
Comments: Gepsilon varied with the concentration of anthracene; 72% of the anthracene copolymerizes with polystyrene

Shekk, Yu.B.; Alfimov, M.V.; Nikoforov, V.I.
Investigation of aromatic triplet molecules in polystyrene by the method of pulsed radiolysis.
Bull. Acad. Sci. USSR, Div. Chem. Sci. (Engl. Transl.) : 2309-14 (1970)

Anthracene
Solvent : Polystyrene

wave length at maximum = 436^a nm

Triplet state population method: Pulse radiolysis
Comments: Gepsilon₄₃₆ = 10000^a L mol^–1 cm^–1 / (100 eV absorbed)

Shvedova, L.A.; Tatikolov, A.S.; Makin, S.M.; Romanov, N.N.; Kuz'min, V.A.
Flash photolysis of tricarbocyanine dyes.
Bull. Acad. Sci. USSR, Div. Chem. Sci. 28: 696-701 (1979)

Anthracene
Solvent : Propane

wave length (nm) at maximum, extinction coefficient = 422.5, 52000

Triplet state population method: Flash photolysis
Extinction coefficient estimation method: Total depletion
Comments: epsilon assumes OD saturation is equivalent to total depletion

Jackson, G.; Livingston, R.; Pugh, A.C.
Experimental study of the triplet state of anthracene in fluid solutions.
Trans. Faraday Soc. 54: 1635-9 (1960)

Anthracene
Solvent : THF

wave length at maximum = 428 nm

Triplet state population method: Flash photolysis
Lifetime = 3770 micro sec.

Goldschmidt, C.R.; Potashnik, R.; Ottolenghi, M.
Intersystem crossing in the charge-transfer quenching of molecular fluorescence.
J. Phys. Chem. 75: 1025-31 (1971)

Anthracene
Solvent : Toluene

wave length at maximum = 430^a; 409^a nm

Triplet state population method: Pulsed laser photolysis
Comments: 430 nm was the more intense peak

Alfimov, M.V.; Gerko, V.I.; Popov, L.S.; Razumov, V.F.
Abnormal broadening in triplet-to-triplet absorption spectra caused by aromatic solvents.
Chem. Phys. Lett. 50: 398-401 (1977)

Anthracene
Solvent : Toluene, 77 K

wave length at maximum = 434 nm

Triplet state population method: Modulated excitation (e.g. rotating sector)
Comments: Halfwidth 490 cm^–1

Darmanyan, A.P.
Generation of ¹O₂ and the mechanism of internal conversion in 9,10-diphenylanthracene.
Chem. Phys. Lett. 91: 396-400 (1982)

Anthracene
Solvent : Toluene

wave length (nm) at maximum, extinction coefficient = 428.5, 42000

Triplet state population method: Pulsed laser photolysis
Extinction coefficient estimation method: Relative actinometry
Comments: epsilon relative to anthracene in benzene (Phi_T = 0.72, epsilon_428.5 = 42000 L mol^–1 cm^–1) assuming Phi_T = 0.72 for anthracene in toluene

Kraljic, I.; Mintas, M.; Klasinc, L.; Ranogajec, F.; Guesten, H.
Thermo- and photochemical aspects of the valence isomerization of 9-tert-butylanthracene.
Nouv. J. Chim. 7: 239-43 (1983)

Anthracene
Solvent : Triton X-100

wave length at maximum = 420 nm

Triplet state population method: Pulsed laser photolysis
Comments: Aqueous micelles

Treinin, A.; Hayon, E.
Quenching of triplet states by inorganic ions. Energy transfer and charge transfer mechanisms.
J. Am. Chem. Soc. 98: 3884-91 (1976)

Anthracene
Solvent : Water/tert-BuOH, pH ~6

wave length at maximum = 420^a nm

Triplet state population method: Flash photolysis
Comments: Solvent mixture contains "1-5%" tert-BuOH for solubility

^* Evidence supporting the assignment of the transient triplet state.
^a Data have been obtained by computer-assisted digitization from spectrum in cited reference.
^c Measurement violates Chauvenet's criterion.
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wave length (nm) at maximum, extinction coefficient =	430, 45500
	408^a, 15600^a
	391^a, 3700^a

wave length (nm) at maximum, extinction coefficient =	429^a, 24000 ± 1500
	405^a, 10200^a

wave length (nm) at maximum, extinction coefficient =	422.5, 64700
	402^a, 19800^a

wave length (nm) at maximum, extinction coefficient =	427.0, 45000
	404.0, 12000

wave length (nm) at maximum, extinction coefficient =	402^a, 14100^a
	428^a, 52800^a
	467^a, 1300^a
	481^a, 2100^a
	497^a, 800^a
	516^a, 1600^a

wave length (nm) at maximum, extinction coefficient =	420, 75000 ± 5000
	400, 28000 ± 2000
	376, 5750 ± 400
	356, 3350 ± 250
	335, 2250 ± 150

wave length (nm) at maximum, extinction coefficient =	885^a, 250^a
	840^a, 260^a
	800^a, 160^a
	787^a, 150^a
	763^a, 180^a
	752^a, 110^a
	730^a, 130^a
	719^a, 150^a
	709^a, 130^a
	699^a, 130^a
	690^a, 120^a
	645^a, 130^a

wave length (nm) at maximum, extinction coefficient =	888, 260^a
	844^a, 300
	801^a, 190^a
	788^a, 190^a
	764^a, 210^a
	751^a, 140^a
	729^a, 160^a
	719^a, 190^a
	709^a, 150^a
	697^a, 180^a
	687^a, 170^a
	639^a, 170^a
	538^a, 540^a
	516, 3000
	504^a, 2000^a
	497^a, 2300^a
	479^a, 3600^a
	463^a, 2900^a
	444^a, 5000^a
	425.3, 90000
	402^a, 25000^a
	381^a, 10000^a
	328.7, 1400^a
	314^a, 2200^a
	302^a, 2300^a
	262.4, 90000

wave length (nm) at maximum, extinction coefficient =	425, 66800 ± 13400
	404, 20700 ± 4140

wave length (nm) at maximum, extinction coefficient =	420.3, 118000^c ± 23600
	398.0, 27400^c ± 5480

wave length (nm) at maximum, extinction coefficient =	468, 2000
	424, 71500
	401, 24300