'Triplet-Triplet Absorption Spectra

Acridine

Periasamy, N.
The T₃(Pi,Pi^*) state of acridine.
Chem. Phys. Lett. 99: 322-5 (1983)

Acridine
Solvent : 2-PrOH

wave length at maximum = 983 ± 5; 440 ± 1 nm

Triplet state population method: Pulsed laser photolysis

Periasamy, N.
The T₃(Pi,Pi^*) state of acridine.
Chem. Phys. Lett. 99: 322-5 (1983)

Acridine
Solvent : Acetonitrile

wave length at maximum = 978 ± 2; 434 ± 1 nm

Triplet state population method: Pulsed laser photolysis

Mitchell, M.B.; Smith, G.R.; Jansen, K.; Guillory, W.A.
The infrared and visible absorption spectra of the lowest triplet state of acridine isolated in an argon matrix.
Chem. Phys. Lett. 63: 475-8 (1979)

Acridine
Solvent : Argon, 13 K

wave length at maximum = 425.1 nm

Triplet state population method: Continuous wave laser excitation
Comments: Infrared vibrational structure also observed

Kira, A.; Koizumi, M.
Photochemical reaction between acridine and acridan in the presence and in the absence of oxygen. II. Studies by the flash technique.
Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 40: 2486-92 (1967)

Acridine
Solvent : Benzene

wave length (nm) at maximum, extinction coefficient = 440, 80000^c

Triplet state population method: Flash photolysis
Extinction coefficient estimation method: Singlet depletion
Comments: Delay 93 micro s

Kellmann, A.; Lindqvist, L.
Flash-photolytic detection of triplet acridine formed by energy transfer from biacetyl.
Proc. of Internat. Symposium on Triplet State, Beirut, Lebanon, 1967, p.439-45

Acridine
Solvent : Benzene

wave length (nm) at maximum, extinction coefficient = 520^a, 2000^a

440, 25000

435, 12000^a

375^a, 3000^a

355^a, 10000^a

340^a, 7000^a

Triplet state population method: Flash photolysis
Extinction coefficient estimation method: Total depletion
Lifetime = 10⁴ micro sec.
Comments: Uncertain correction of estimated peaks for SD

Bensasson, R.V.; Land, E.J.
Triplet-triplet extinction coefficients via energy transfer.
Trans. Faraday Soc. 67: 1904-15 (1971)

Acridine
Solvent : Benzene

wave length (nm) at maximum, extinction coefficient = 440, 24300

Triplet state population method: Pulse radiolysis
Extinction coefficient estimation method: Energy transfer
Comments: epsilon relative to benzophenone ketyl radical in cyclohexane (epsilon_max = 3700 L mol^–1 cm^–1); epsilon obtained from a simultaneous least squares fit of data from several compounds making use of cyclohexane to benzene epsilon_max ratios of 1.83 for naphthalene and 1.45 for anthracene

Kellmann, A.
Intersystem crossing and internal conversion quantum yields of acridine in polar and nonpolar solvents.
J. Phys. Chem. 81: 1195-8 (1977)

Acridine
Solvent : Benzene

wave length (nm) at maximum, extinction coefficient = 442, 27000

Triplet state population method: Flash photolysis
Extinction coefficient estimation method: Total depletion

Kasama, K.; Kikuchi, K.; Yamamoto, S.; Uji-ie, K.; Nishida, Y.; Kokubun, H.
Relaxation mechanism of excited acridine in nonreactive solvents.
J. Phys. Chem. 85: 1291-6 (1981)

Acridine
Solvent : Benzene, 296 K

wave length at maximum = 990; 870^a; 781^a; 699^a; 518^a; 440 nm

Triplet state population method: Pulsed laser photolysis
Comments: Shoulder at 415 nm

Goerner, H.
Triplet states of phenylethylenes in solution. Energies, lifetimes, and absorption spectra of 1,1-diphenyl-, triphenyl-, and tetraphenylethylene triplets.
J. Phys. Chem. 86: 2028-35 (1982)

Acridine
Solvent : Benzene, 298 K

wave length at maximum = 430 nm

Triplet state population method: Pulsed laser photolysis

Periasamy, N.
The T₃(Pi,Pi^*) state of acridine.
Chem. Phys. Lett. 99: 322-5 (1983)

Acridine
Solvent : Benzene

wave length at maximum = 980 ± 2; 442 ± 1 nm

Triplet state population method: Pulsed laser photolysis

van Zeyl, P.H.M.; Varma, C.A.G.O.; Vroege, G.
Resonance Raman scattering from triplet states of acridine and anthracene.
Chem. Phys. Lett. 105: 127-33 (1984)

Acridine
Solvent : Benzene

wave length at maximum = 440^a nm

Triplet state population method: Pulsed laser photolysis

Periasamy, N.
The T₃(Pi,Pi^*) state of acridine.
Chem. Phys. Lett. 99: 322-5 (1983)

Acridine
Solvent : CCl₄

wave length at maximum = 981 ± 2; 442 ± 1 nm

Triplet state population method: Pulsed laser photolysis

Land, E.J.
Extinction coefficients of triplet-triplet transitions.
Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 305: 457-71 (1968)

Acridine
Solvent : Cyclohexane

wave length (nm) at maximum, extinction coefficient = 432.5, 26300

Triplet state population method: Pulse radiolysis
Extinction coefficient estimation method: Energy transfer
Comments: epsilon relative to biphenyl in cyclohexane (epsilon_361.3 = 35400 L mol^–1 cm^–1); author reported mean of 2 measurements (this one and another with a different ref. cmpd.) as 28800 ± 7200 L mol^–1 cm^–1

Land, E.J.
Extinction coefficients of triplet-triplet transitions.
Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 305: 457-71 (1968)

Acridine
Solvent : Cyclohexane

wave length (nm) at maximum, extinction coefficient = 432.5, 31300

Triplet state population method: Pulse radiolysis
Extinction coefficient estimation method: Energy transfer
Comments: epsilon relative to naphthalene in cyclohexane (epsilon_412.5 = 22600 L mol^–1 cm^–1); author reported mean of 2 measurements (this one and another with a different ref. cmpd.) as 28800 ± 7200 L mol^–1 cm^–1

Bensasson, R.V.; Land, E.J.
Triplet-triplet extinction coefficients via energy transfer.
Trans. Faraday Soc. 67: 1904-15 (1971)

Acridine
Solvent : Cyclohexane

wave length (nm) at maximum, extinction coefficient = 432.5, 31500

Triplet state population method: Pulse radiolysis
Extinction coefficient estimation method: Energy transfer
Comments: epsilon relative to benzophenone ketyl radical in cyclohexane (epsilon_max = 3700 L mol^–1 cm^–1); reference epsilon obtained by starting from epsilon_max = 3220 L mol^–1 cm^–1 for this ketyl radical in water and assuming the f of the ketyl radical is independent of solvent; final epsilon obtained from a simultaneous least squares fit to data from several compounds

Kira, A.; Kato, S.; Koizumi, M.
Studies of the photoreduction of acridine in ethanol by the flash technique.
Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 39: 1221-7 (1966)

Acridine
Solvent : EtOH

wave length at maximum = 440 nm

Triplet state population method: Flash photolysis
Comments: Broad absorption < 290 nm also assigned to triplet; a band at 520 nm, which had been assigned to the triplet in water [61E008], was seen to decay at a different rate and was not assigned to the triplet in EtOH

Kikuchi, K.; Kokubun, H.; Koizumi, M.
Studies on triplet energy transfer by means of an emission-absorption flash technique. II. Mixed triplet-triplet annihilation in ethanol.
Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 44: 1527-34 (1971)

Acridine
Solvent : EtOH

wave length (nm) at maximum, extinction coefficient = 440, 18500

Triplet state population method: Flash photolysis
Extinction coefficient estimation method: Energy transfer
Comments: Triplet ET from eosin and proflavine; epsilon relative to eosin in EtOH (epsilon₅₈₀ = 9400 L mol^–1 cm^–1) and proflavine in EtOH (epsilon₅₅₀ = 11000 L mol^–1 cm^–1)

Kikuchi, K.; Uji-ie, K.; Miyashita, Y.; Kokubun, H.
Intersystem crossing processes of acridine.
Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 50: 879-82 (1977)

Acridine
Solvent : EtOH

wave length at maximum = 985; 870; 778; 440 nm

Triplet state population method: Flash photolysis
Comments: Most intense peak at 440 nm

Romashov, L.V.; Borovkova, V.A.; Kiryukhin, Yu.I.; Bagdasar'yan, Kh.S.
Determination of the extinction coefficient for triplet-triplet absorption from the kinetics of triplet-triplet energy transfer.
High Energy Chem. 12: 132-4 (1978)

Acridine
Solvent : EtOH

wave length (nm) at maximum, extinction coefficient = 440, 22500

Triplet state population method: Pulsed laser photolysis
Extinction coefficient estimation method: Energy transfer
Lifetime = 14 micro sec.
Comments: epsilon relative to Methylene Blue cation (epsilon₈₆₀ = 27000 L mol^–1 cm^–1); solvent and temperature assumed

Greene, B.I.; Hochstrasser, R.M.; Weisman, R.B.
Picosecond transient spectroscopy of molecules in solution.
J. Chem. Phys. 70: 1247-59 (1979)

Acridine
Solvent : Hexane

wave length at maximum = 435 nm

Triplet state population method: Pulsed laser photolysis
Comments: 145 ps delay

Struve, W.S.; Hedstrom, J.H.; Morgante, C.G.; Jameson, A.K.; Lim, E.C.
Photophysical anomalies of acridine in n-hexane.
J. Chem. Phys. 78: 7006-8 (1983)

Acridine
Solvent : Hexane

wave length at maximum = 432 nm

Triplet state population method: Pulsed laser photolysis

Periasamy, N.
The T₃(Pi,Pi^*) state of acridine.
Chem. Phys. Lett. 99: 322-5 (1983)

Acridine
Solvent : Hexane

wave length at maximum = 980 ± 2; 430 ± 1 nm

Triplet state population method: Pulsed laser photolysis

Hamanoue, K.; Nakajima, K.; Hidaka, T.; Nakayama, T.; Teranishi, H.
Time-dependent picosecond transient absorption spectra of 9-acetylanthracene, benzophenone and acridine in solution.
Laser Chem. 4: 287-95 (1984)

Acridine
Solvent : Hexane

wave length at maximum = 433; 407 nm

Triplet state population method: Pulsed laser photolysis
Comments: Delay 320 ps

Hirata, Y.; Tanaka, I.
Build-up of T-T absorption of acridine following singlet excitation with a picosecond pulse.
Chem. Phys. Lett. 41: 336-8 (1976)

Acridine
Solvent : Isooctane

wave length at maximum = 430; 408^a nm

Triplet state population method: Pulsed laser photolysis
Rise time = 0.01 nsec.
Comments: A band was also observed at 511^a nm, but a similar band at 530 nm in MeOH was assigned to a precursor of the triplet state

Periasamy, N.
The T₃(Pi,Pi^*) state of acridine.
Chem. Phys. Lett. 99: 322-5 (1983)

Acridine
Solvent : MeOH

wave length at maximum = 983 ± 5; 438 ± 1 nm

Triplet state population method: Pulsed laser photolysis

West, M.A.; McCallum, K.J.; Woods, R.J.; Formosinho, S.J.
Absorption and emission spectra and triplet decay of some aromatic and N-heterocyclic compounds in polymethylmethacrylate.
Trans. Faraday Soc. 66: 2135-47 (1970)

Acridine
Solvent : PMMA, 293 K

wave length at maximum = 438; 418 nm

Triplet state population method: Flash photolysis
Lifetime = 1.9 x 10⁴ micro sec.

Acridine
Solvent : PMMA, 77 K

wave length at maximum = 440; 420 nm

Triplet state population method: Photostationary
Comments: Band seen at 480 nm and was attributed to a photoproduct

Kasama, K.; Kikuchi, K.; Uji-ie, K.; Yamamoto, S.-A.; Kokubun, H.
Relaxation mechanism of excited acridine in methyl methacrylate and poly(methyl methacrylate).
J. Phys. Chem. 86: 4733-7 (1982)

Acridine
Solvent : PMMA

wave length at maximum = 980; 863^a; 776^a; 702^a; 480^a; 441^a nm

Triplet state population method: Flash photolysis
Comments: Shoulder at 424 nm; 441 nm peak 10 times more intense than any other peak

Kikuchi, K.; Uji-ie, K.; Miyashita, Y.; Kokubun, H.
Intersystem crossing processes of acridine.
Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 50: 879-82 (1977)

Acridine
Solvent : PVA

wave length at maximum = 980^a; 870^a; 780^a; 450^a nm

Triplet state population method: Flash photolysis
Lifetime = 23.8 x 10³ micro sec.
Comments: Most intense peak at 450 nm

Jackson, G.; Porter, G.
Acidity constants in the triplet state.
Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 260: 13-30 (1961)

Acridine
Solvent : Water, pH Basic

wave length at maximum = 443 nm

Triplet state population method: Flash photolysis
Comments: pK_b = 8.4; a peak reported at 520 nm was later [66A003] shown to decay at a different rate than the 440 nm peak in EtOH

Knowles, A.; Roe, E.M.F.
A flash-photolysis investigation of flavin photosensitization of purine nucleotides.
Photochem. Photobiol. 7: 421-36 (1968)

Acridine
Solvent : Water

wave length at maximum = 443 nm

Triplet state population method: Flash photolysis (coupled with energy transfer)
Comments: ET from lumiflavine

Kellmann, A.; Tfibel, F.
Laser-induced two-photon ionization of acridine in aqueous solution.
Chem. Phys. Lett. 69: 61-5 (1980)

Acridine
Solvent : Water, pH = 12.0

wave length at maximum = 443 nm

Triplet state population method: Flash photolysis
Extinction coefficient estimation method: Total depletion
Comments: epsilon method assumed from text

Nishida, Y.; Kikuchi, K.; Kokubun, H.
Protolytic reactions of acridine in the triplet state.
J. Photochem. 13: 75-81 (1980)

Acridine
Solvent : Water, 296 K, pH = 10.86

wave length (nm) at maximum, extinction coefficient = 443, 14500

Triplet state population method: Flash photolysis (coupled with energy transfer)
Extinction coefficient estimation method: Energy transfer
Lifetime = ~450 micro sec.
Comments: ^*Triplet ET from naphthalene-1,5-disulfonate; epsilon relative to proflavine conjugate acid in water (epsilon₅₄₉ = 5700 L mol^–1 cm^–1)

Kasama, K.; Kikuchi, K.; Yamamoto, S.; Uji-ie, K.; Nishida, Y.; Kokubun, H.
Relaxation mechanism of excited acridine in nonreactive solvents.
J. Phys. Chem. 85: 1291-6 (1981)

Acridine
Solvent : Water, 296 K, pH Basic

wave length (nm) at maximum, extinction coefficient = 880, 1800^a

753^a, 1100^a

689^a, 730^a

657^a, 470^a

521^a, 1500^a

443, 19400 ± 1400

Triplet state population method: Flash photolysis
Extinction coefficient estimation method: Total depletion
Comments: Shoulder at 420 nm

Kasama, K.; Kikuchi, K.; Nishida, Y.; Kokubun, H.
Deactivation mechanism of excited acridine and 9-substituted acridines in water.
J. Phys. Chem. 85: 4148-53 (1981)

Acridine
Solvent : Water, pH = 12.7

wave length at maximum = 855^a; 746^a; 694^a; 510^a; 441^a nm

Triplet state population method: Pulsed laser photolysis
Comments: Most intense peak at 441 nm

Kasama, K.; Kikuchi, K.; Yamamoto, S.; Uji-ie, K.; Nishida, Y.; Kokubun, H.
Relaxation mechanism of excited acridine in nonreactive solvents.
J. Phys. Chem. 85: 1291-6 (1981)

Acridine
Solvent : Water, 296 K, pH Basic

wave length at maximum = 880 nm wave length (nm) at maximum, extinction coefficient = 443, 20000 ± 2000

Triplet state population method: Flash photolysis
Extinction coefficient estimation method: Energy transfer
Comments: epsilon relative to proflavine in water (epsilon₅₄₉ = 8000 L mol^–1 cm^–1)

Periasamy, N.
The T₃(Pi,Pi^*) state of acridine.
Chem. Phys. Lett. 99: 322-5 (1983)

Acridine
Solvent : Water, pH ~13

wave length at maximum = 983 ± 5; 862^a; 775^a; 658^a; 443 ± 1 nm

Triplet state population method: Pulsed laser photolysis

Kellmann, A.
Intersystem crossing and internal conversion quantum yields of acridine in polar and nonpolar solvents.
J. Phys. Chem. 81: 1195-8 (1977)

Acridine
Solvent : tert-BuOH

wave length (nm) at maximum, extinction coefficient = 436, 26000

Triplet state population method: Flash photolysis
Extinction coefficient estimation method: Total depletion

^* Evidence supporting the assignment of the transient triplet state.
^a Data have been obtained by computer-assisted digitization from spectrum in cited reference.
^c Measurement violates Chauvenet's criterion.
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wave length (nm) at maximum, extinction coefficient =	520^a, 2000^a
	440, 25000
	435, 12000^a
	375^a, 3000^a
	355^a, 10000^a
	340^a, 7000^a

wave length (nm) at maximum, extinction coefficient =	880, 1800^a
	753^a, 1100^a
	689^a, 730^a
	657^a, 470^a
	521^a, 1500^a
	443, 19400 ± 1400